International Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

International Law - Essay Example Benin also ratified to this convention, however, there are many states that still are not part of this Contract. CISG gives exporters the ‘choice of law’ avoidance of issues. There are many rules and clauses that are in CISG that exporters can rely on. Conflict of law means that the litigation case leads to conflict in laws between different jurisdiction bodies and the outcome is to use the courts of one area to enforce the law. The United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNICITRAL) developed this law and it was initiated in 1980. It became a multilateral treaty and it continuously accepted by many states. Countries that do ratify to this Convention are known as ‘contracting states’ and it is usually part of the law of the state or within the laws unless otherwise specified and it lies between the transaction of goods among different states under the contract or contracting states. Therefore it also facilitates trade. (Schlechtriem, 1998) A few countries that have ratified to the Convention are Argentina, Albania, Australia, Belgium, Canada, China, Colombia, Denmark, Egypt, France, Greece, Japan, Mexico, Singapore, Turkey and USA etc. However, a few countries do not follow the Convention to the book and have certain restrictions towards it. The Nordic region countries do not allow the application of part II of the clause to be applied all over, unless the contract of the transaction made is pointed out. In place of this, Nordic council applies the local law which leads to some differences from the Convention. CISG according to part II would allow the seller to withdraw the offer but before the buyer has accepted it. However, the Nordic council believes that a period of time should be given to the buyer to make a decision when an offer is made. This is a reservation of clause 94 of part II of the Contract. (Will, 1996) The major states that are absent from this Contract are India, Taiwan, Brazil, Hong Kong, South Africa as well as United Kingdom. They have not ratified to the contract. Japan made a depository and entered the Convention by 2009. However UK is still absent from the Convention because its government doesn’t view entering into this Contract as a priority for the state and the businesses have also not given support for this ratification as well. There is also a large amount of opposition from a number of organizations in UK, as well as scarce resources for the public, and a fear that London would lose out on its edge in the world with regards to litigation and arbitration. (Huber & Mullis, 2007) Why exactly does UK not want to be under this contract? The reason is that the Ministers do not feel that it is the priority of the legislation. The Government has many other issues to deal with and this Convention would just need to stand in line and wait its attention. The parliament meeting covers issues relating to the legislation of employment, energy, civil partnerships and company la w, which are considered to be more important issues as compared to the issue of exporters. The country itself doesn’t seem interested in ratifying the Convention. There have been instances when the Ministers have circulated letters asking for ratification and why UK has not adhered to it. The lack of Convention isn’t having an impact on the economy of UK and so the people haven’t considered this issue important enough to respond to. Business is working smoothly and isn’

Presented Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Presented - Essay Example These territories are considered â€Å"black hole† of finance because of its notoriety of hiding money to escape from taxes. UK Prime Minister David Cameron acknowledged that tax evasion cost governments billions if not trillion of tax revenues. These revenues which could have been used to finance a lot of things from human development to stimulating the economy had been foregone due to tax evasion. For example, the trillions of dollars being channeled in UKs offshore territories could have netted hundreds of millions of dollars had they been legally taxed. They could have been used to finance education in poor countries to break the cycle of poverty, or to inject funds in social services in countries where malnutrition is acute to save lives. It could also be used to finance a budding business to create value, jobs and further revenue for the government. If tax evasion becomes very pervasive, government will lost its source of revenue to fund the performance its many roles and in effect, will become ineffective. Thus, human development will stagnate because positive interventions will not materialize due to the lack of funds. The poor will remain poor or even become poorer and the rich will remain rich and even richer. Tax evasion can be done legally by several means. One of the legal tax avoidance that is often resorted to through the shifting of profits to jurisdictions that do not levy corporate tax which UKs offshore territories are notorious. Taxation serves as an equalizer to take money from those who have it to fund human development. UKs offshore territories defeat this purpose by serving as tax haven for the mega rich which would have been taxed had they been more transparent in their transactions. These explain why it is such an issue when UK Prime Minister David Cameron announced that they will be tackling tax evasion and transparency in the next G8 summit because his country is guilty of providing tax havens both to corporations

Professional development as an occupational therapist

Professional development as an occupational therapist The concept of reflection in learning is not new. It can be traced back as far as Aristotles discussions of practical judgement and moral action in his Ethics (Grundy 1982 cited in Boud et al 2005a P11). In 1933, Dewy stated that there were two kinds of experiential process leading to learning. The first process was trial and error and the second was that of reflective activity which involved the perception of relationships and connections between the parts of the experience.'(Boud et al 2005a P12). He explained reflection as a learning loop, continually feeding back and forth between the experience and the situation. (Boud et al 2005a). In more recent times (1980s), reflective practice has been introduced and divided into three core components: Things that happen to a person, the reflective process that learning has occurred and the action that was taken from this new perspective (Jasper 2003 p2). These can be summarised as experience-reflection-action cycle (ERA) and is a way that learning from experience can be understood and developed. Kolb (1984 cited in Jasper 2003) developed an experiential learning cycle which has been suggested to be the most effective way of learning from our experiences by linking theory to practice: Observation- Something that has happened to you Or that you have done Action Reflection reviewing event or experience in your mind Concept development/theorising- Understanding what happened (Kolbs experiential learning cycle 1984, cited in Jasper 2003 p3) As illustrated, reflection is an important part of the learning loop. Another significant part of reflection is that the process of learning continues so that the learner changes from Actor to Observer, from specific involvement to general analytic detachment creating a new experience to reflect and conceptualize at each stage (Moon 2005 p25). It has been suggested that reflection itself can be identified into two types of ways reflection-on-action and reflection-in-action (Schon 1983). Reflection-in-action is reflecting while doing the action, which occurs subconsciously, instinctively and unconsciously, often seen in the more experienced practitioner who can monitor and adapt their practice simultaneously. Reflecting-on-action involves thinking about action after it has occurred, often seen in novice practitioners who need to step back and think about the situation over in their minds. (Finaly 2004) Another style of reflection is Gibbs reflective cycle. It has characteristics of all other strategies/ frameworks for reflection that have been developed. However, Gibbs cycle stops at the stage of action and therefore does not provide a way to close the cycle or move to reflective practice in terms of taking action (Jasper 2003). This is because Gibbs framework had its foundations from an education context as opposed to a practice one: Description (what happened) Action plan Feelings (if it arose again (what were you what would you do) thinking and feeling) Reflective cycle Conclusion Evaluation (What else could (what was good you have done) bad) Description (what do you make of the situation) Gibbs reflective cycle (1988, cited in Jasper 2003 p77) Chris Johns model of structured reflection was developed in the 1990s. It has gone through many changes and the 1994 version is the easiest to use when beginning reflective practice. Johns says that the model: consists of a series of questions which aim to tune the practitioner into her experiences in a structured and meaningful way. It emerged as a natural sequence through which practitioners explored their experience in supervision (Jasper 2003 p84). The focus of Johns model is about making us aware of the knowledge that we use in practice. This is taken as a core question, which is explored through five cue questions, that are further divided into detailed questions: description of the experience, reflection, influencing factors, could I have dealt with the situation better and learning (Jasper 2003 p85). The framework is presented in appendix one. Many people have defined reflection, Johns (2009 p3) defined reflection as Learning through our everyday experiences towards realising ones vision of desirable practice as a lived reality. It is a critical and reflexive process of self-inquiry and transformation of being and becoming the practitioner you desire to be. Furthermore, Boud et al (2005a p18) suggested that reflection is a form of response of the learner to experience. Where experience is the response of a person to a situation or event e.g. feelings, thoughts, actions and finishes at the time or immediately thereafter. The situation or event could be a course or an unplanned reason in daily life. It could be influenced by something external or an internal or evolve from discomfort. Reid (1993 p305) proposes that reflection is a process of reviewing an experience of practice in order to describe, analyse, evaluate and so inform learning about practice There are many positive uses to reflecting on practice. Johns (2009 p15) suggests that the positive uses of reflection encourages the expression, acceptance and understanding of feelings .He suggests that feelings of negativity can be looked into and turned into positive ones in order to understand future situations and learn new ways of responding. Furthermore he suggests that reflection is empowering, which in the end will lead to desirable practice. Boud et al (2005b p11) suggested that In the case of reflecting on learning, firstly only learners themselves can learn and only they can reflect on their own experiences. Boud et al suggest that teachers can support reflection, but only have access to thoughts and feelings by what individuals decide to reveal about themselves. Therefore the learner is in total control. Secondly, reflection is a purposeful activity directed toward a goal and lastly the reflective process where both feelings and thoughts are interconnected and interactive. Negative feelings, can form major barriers toward learning. Positive feelings and emotions can improve the learning process, keeping the learner on the task and providing a stimulus for new learning. (Boud et al 2005b p11) Reflection can be used to support occupational therapy (O.T) principles and values, continuous professional development (C.P.D), ethical, legal and professional codes of conducts/standards of practice and it has suggested to be a core process competent, essential to O.T practice (Bossers et al 1999 p116). The College of Occupational Therapist incorporate the benefits of reflective practice in their learning strategies (McClure 2004). Reflection aids professional practice and the importance of this ensures high standards of care and is shown in documents such as A Vision for the Future (Department of Health 1993).This is also shown in the Professional Standards of Practice (2007) which states that O.Ts should maintain high standards of competence of knowledge, skills and behaviour (standard 4 professional development and lifelong learning and standard 1 service quality and governance) Ethically, lifelong learning and professional competence (standard 5.4 and 5.1) state that O.Ts shall continuously maintain high standards of knowledge, skills and behaviour and be responsible for maintaining and developing their personal and professional competence. (College of Occupational Therapists 2005). Reflection is also an important part of continuous professional development (Fish Twinn 1997, cited in Martin Wheatley 2008) and is now a requirement for registration to practice, as is evidence based practice which is an ethical and professional imperative (Duncan 2006 p8). The O.T Codes of Ethics states that O.Ts shall be responsible for maintaining evidence of their continuing professional development (College of Occupational Therapists Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct 2005, 5.3) therefore, this can be done through reflection. New learning and continuous professional development depend on how skilfully you can reflect on your and others practice, to gain new insights, see new relationships, make new discoveries and make explicit the new learning that occurs (Aslop 2004 p114). Any new knowledge learnt from the experience will be saved for future reference for when similar situations arise. (Aslop 2004 p115) To demonstrate reflective practice, In the following reflective account, I am going to use Johns model of reflective structure (1994) mixed with Gibbs reflective cycle (1988) and will be reflecting-on-action (Schon 1983). I feel both are extremely valuable models and help to express different ideas/feelings in different ways at different points. Other models I could have used are Goodmans levels of reflection (1984), Bortons development framework (1970) and Fish et al strands of reflection (1991). A mix of both Gibbs reflective cycle with Johns model of structured reflection, will combine theoretical reflection and practice environment. Johns model is helpful in having cue questions. It provides personal awareness of ourselves, our knowledge and actions .It asks what you could do rather than what you will do (Jasper 2003 p98). Gibbs reflective cycle provides a good framework for the reflective process e.g. learning by reflecting on an event and usually away from the scene of practice. It encourages a good description of the situation, looks at feelings and the experience, concludes where other options are considered and if the situation arose again, what you would do differently. The following narrative describes a critical incident that had a significant effect on me which made me stop and think and raised questions. This incident was the role of occupational therapists (O.Ts) within social care and the impact of this upon a service users journey. The names within this narrative have been changed to protect the innocent. The role of O.T and Social worker have been combined within social care producing the title Self Directed Support Practitioners (SDS practitioners) Occupational therapy as a new profession is facing new challenges from the introduction of the Health Professions Council. The council want greater integration of health and social care provision and the College of Occupational Therapists is preparing for these changes by seeking to refocus the organisations of the work of the O.Ts by its strategic document from interface to integration (Dimond 2004 P397). Hence the role of an S.D.S practitioner. Brian was a 60 year old man, who lived in a bungalow on his own; with no outside help e.g. care packages or adaptations. His daughter visited him on regular occasions to take him shopping, to appointments and check on his health. Brian was admitted to hospital due to a fall last year whilst using the toilet. The nearby hospital released him about 2 months ago after he spent a few nights there. His daughter reported that Brian was still having problems with self-care, cooking and general mobility. An S.D.S practitioner and myself carried out a home visit on Brian. We received a referral from Brians daughter regarding his health and ability to perform activities of daily living (ADLs). Upon assessment of Brian, we found that he used the sink (which seemed to be coming off the wall) to aid standing from the toilet. His mobility was generally good but had difficulties raising and lowing himself in and out of the bath and rising his legs over the lip. He had slight problems in the kitchen due to mild arthritis when opening cans and jars, lifting heavy equipment and gripping cutlery. Brians mood and motivation was very low and he seemed angry at life in general. His daughter said she could not cope with looking after Brian anymore and needed help with this. She also seemed very low in mood and appeared stressed. When we assessed Brian, I was unsure and slightly confused how to assess in an S.D.S way. I was thinking about my O.T values and beliefs and how I could incorporate these within the assessment. This would involve me assessing in a holistic way, promoting independence, empowering and motivating him as well as using activity as a therapeutic tool. I was unsure how to implement social work values as they seemed to clash with my own, for example I found it difficult to establish when it would be appropriate to provide care packages. This made me feel extremely confused and concerned that I was not providing the best service for Brian when carrying out the assessment and going against my professional ethics of respecting autonomy (decision-making of service user), beneficence (benefits of treatment against risks and cost), non maleficence (do no harm) and justice (distributing benefits, risks and costs fairly) (Butler Creek 2008) Overall I was trying to achieve independence for Brian with the least amount of equipment and help necessary. When assessing Brian in the bathroom, whilst he was sitting on a bath board and using a grab rail, he managed to lift his legs over the side of the bath and had good sitting balance. His toilet transfers needed support, so we offered a toilet frame to aid this. When assessing his kitchen abilities, Brian struggled to lift heavy pots and pans and filling the kettle. He also had difficulty gripping cutlery and standing for periods of time when preparing food. The S.D.S practitioner suggested meals on wheels to overcome the problems Brian faced in the kitchen. Throughout the assessment Brian was not very happy and laughed at his capabilities. He became very angry when we suggested that he used the equipment provided and he mentioned that he wanted a wet room and why could he not have one of these, as his friends had one fitted not that long ago. We explained sensitively that funding would not allow this and he was very capable of transferring safely with the equipment in place. This made me think about funding and O.Ts values and beliefs, which in turn made me feel unhappy as Brian could not have something he wanted and personally I can understand how comforting and aesthetically pleasing this would be. However installing a wet room could reduce Brains mobility, as he would no longer need to lift legs over the edge of the bath, maintain unsupported sitting balance and therefore would lose those skill. Therefore this idea would go against my O.T and personal beliefs. Also due to funding he was not eligible for such a major adaptation. The outcome of the event was not very good. Brian refused equipment and care packages and became angry. That made me feel sad as I wanted to help Brian, to live an independent life as possible and reduce the dependence upon his daughter. Due to Brian declining the equipment, we had to record and have him sign that he understood the risks of this. Looking back at the event, I feel maybe I could have convinced Brian further to accept the equipment and care packages suggested. Although the care packages conflicted with my O.T and personal values, as they take away independence, skills and the use of activity as a therapeutic tool; I can see a place for these with extremely impaired individuals. In Brians case I would have suggested adapting equipment within the kitchen, such as grips for cutlery, automatic tin openers, a kettle tipper and a perching stool. The emotions I went through during this experience were anxiety, excitement, and inquisitiveness during the start of the event, followed by sadness toward the end. The most important emotion for me was sadness. I feel that I can learn and grow from this, to tackle the situation differently next time. To evaluate, the good aspects of the experience was the enormous opportunities for continuous professional development as the role of O.T continues to grow. I also feel my understanding of O.T, social work, clinical reasoning and inter-personal/professional skills have been developed. I also feel more confident if I were ever to be in this situation again to promote and air my values and beliefs. However, I feel that the role of an S.D.S practitioner causes confusion, loss of role identity and crossing over of professional boundaries. The S.D.S practitioners themselves were not happy with this title and their role which caused problems within multidisciplinary teams. Although I feel not a lot went well, I believe if I had been more confident to contribute my O.T knowledge it would have aided the situation. The S.D.S. practitioner that I was with managed to balance out the professions well, but I feel provision of adapted equipment should have been encouraged. Her style of reasoning was perhaps due to little knowledge of O.T and herself coming from a social work background. I am now more prepared for the role of an S.D.S. practitioner. If carried out again I would definitely gain more insight into the values and beliefs of social workers and be more vocal about my O.T ones. I would have tried to encourage Brian to take the equipment and explained more as to why this was important. Perhaps reasoning with him that it was important for him not to lose his existing skills i.e. use it or lose it. I have learnt that theory; personal, professional standards, values and beliefs, ethics and legal issues often influence practice. I have learnt the importance of reflecting in order to develop myself professionally and personally. My needs in order to develop my professional practice at this stage of my career are huge. I mainly need to develop my knowledge, communication skills, professional skills and clinically reasoning skills. I have also learnt the role which I play within a team and according to Belbins team roles (2010), I am a monitor-evaluator mixed with team worker. This means I try to see all the options and judge accurately, working co-operatively sensitively and diplomatically (Belbin 2010). In general, looking back over the situation, the role of an S.D.S practitioner promotes big ethical issues. In the code of ethics It states that O.Ts can only provided services in which they have been taught to do so (5.1) and that O.Ts shall recognise the need for multi-professional collaboration but not undertake work that is deemed to be outside the scope of O.T. (5.3) (College of Occupational Therapists Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct 2005). Also ethically, are you doing good, doing no harm, promoting autonomy and justice (Butler Creek 2008) by working in such a manner? Am I affecting the service users human rights on freedom of thought, expression or conscience? (article 9 10) (Butler Creek 2008). Other issues that are concerned with S.D.S practitioner work is when working in such a way there is no team liability (every professional is accountable for their own actions and cannot blame the team for negligence which has lead to harm), no defence of inexperience (the patient is entitled to the reasonable standard of care whoever provides the treatment), determination of competence (carried out by competent colleagues or external assessors), refusal to undertake activities outside scope of competence (no O.T should undertake activities which are outside the scope of her professional practice) (Dimond 2004 P112). To conclude, reflection can identify learning needs, and new learning opportunities. It can illustrate ways in which we learn best, differently and new courses of action toward an event. Reflection can help solve problems supporting personal and professional development and offers an escape from general practice. Reflection shows us the cost of our actions, reveals our competences to others and achievements to ourselves. From observations, reflection lets us build on our theory, helping us to make decisions or resolve doubt and empower or release ourselves as individuals (Jasper 2003). However, reflective practice has been criticised for its lack of definition, modes of implementation and its unproven benefit (Mackintosh 1998 cited in Johns 2009 p22). Platzer et al (2000, cited in Johns 2009 p22) noted that students may be opposed to to reflection that would involve talking about themselves. This was also highlighted by Cotton (2001 cited in Johns 2009 p22) who suggests that reflection becomes a type of surveillance, assessment and control. Appendix One Johns Model of Structured Reflection. Core question what information do I need in order to learn through this experience? Cue questions (Jasper 2003) 1. Description of experience Phenomenon Casual Context Clarifying 2. Reflection What am I trying to attain Why did I get involved as I did What were the cost of my actions for: myself, family, patient, colleagues Feelings about experiences Patients feelings How do I know how the patient felt 3. Influencing factors Internal influences on decision-making External influences on decision-making What knowledge influenced decision making 4. How differently could I have dealt with the situation Choices available Consequences of choices 5. learning Feeling about experiences The sense made of this experiences thinking of past and future practice How experience changed my ways of knowing empirics, aesthetics, ethics and personal

The Darkness Out There - The Signal Man - A comparetive study :: English Literature

The Darkness Out There - The Signal Man - A comparetive study The mood at the beginning of both stories could not contrast any more than it does. 'The Darkness Out There' has a beginning that is summery and fresh. Whereas 'The Signal Man' has a start that is very eerie and creates a sense of fear. A factor that runs all the way through the story. The effect that the beginning of 'The Darkness Out There' has is that Mrs Rutter's story hits the reader when they are not expecting it making it a lot more shocking. The mood change is massive. 'The Signalman' however, attempts to sustain the atmosphere from beginning to end. This makes the overall story more eerie by gripping the reader so that they want to read on to discover what happens later on. Historically the two texts are set in very different periods. With 'The Signalman' being set in the Victorian era and 'The Darkness Out There' being set around the 1970's. We can tell this because of many factors such as the types of jobs mentioned. Signalmen worked on early railways and were abandoned when electronic signalling was introduced into railways. Also the language used in The Signalman` seems to be from around that era. Whereas Mrs Rutter is an old woman involved in the second world war, but some of the things she mentions lead us to believe that the story is set around the 1970's. Physically both stories are set in a similar climate to each other. In cosy little rooms, with atmosphere, that are lonely and secluded with an open fire. Fire helps create a perception of evil as many people think of hell as fire and brimstone orientated. As I have already said, the beginnings of the two stories are contrasted. 'The Signalmans' beginning is eerie and weird and doesn't give out a lot of information to the reader. This means the reader is enticed to read on just to see how the story develops. 'The Darkness Out There', however, has a light and refreshing start. Leading us into a false sense of security. But there are also similarities between the two. Both stories include places that represent people's fears. Packers End and the Tunnel. The main theme of 'The Darkness Out There' is that people are not necessarily what they seem to be. Also in 'The Darkness Out There' is the theme of young people growing up and realizing whom they are. Whereas the main theme in 'The Signalman' is death and responsibility and how it affects's people. So really they are similar in a way.

Judith Beveridge poems

Poetry offers a new way to look at familiar situations. Judith Beverage does this in three of poems. â€Å"The Domesticity of giraffes†, â€Å"Fox In a tree stump† and â€Å"The Two Brothers†. Through the use of repetition and personification she Incorporates her feelings about cruelty towards animals and humans. She uses these techniques in all three of her poems. Poetry shows the reader a new way to look at familiar situations and in her poem â€Å"The Domesticity of Giraffes† she uses repetition to show the cruelty towards the Giraffe.This creates a feeling of annoyance towards the zoo as the reader wants the Giraffe to be free. She repeats the phrase â€Å"licks the salt† which is what the Giraffe Is doing constantly shows how the Giraffe Is self-harming because Its mouth gets drier and drier, this shows how boarded the Giraffe Is. Beverage shows this torture through repetition in all of her poems which familiarizes the reader with her message t hat animal cruelty is wrong. In Beverage's other poem â€Å"The Fox in the Tree Stump† she also uses repetition to sow animal cruelty throughout.This gives us an insight towards her feelings about animal cruelty. The use of the word â€Å"shot† is constantly repeated while there Is no gun being fired it implies something is being damaged or hit. The â€Å"shot† Is what the girl Is Imagining while she Is hitting the fox. This Is done to part herself from the killing, making It sound Like someone else Is shooting it for her. Beverage shows the cruelty towards animals once again throughout â€Å"the Fox in a Tree Stump† by repeating the violent and abrupt word â€Å"shot†.In Beverage's third poem the situation of cruelty is present but it is not towards an animal but towards a girl. She again uses repetition to how the reader that It Is not only happening once but multiple times. â€Å"The Two Brothers† torture and kill animals while the girl I s caring In the fact that she tries to save even the snails from the torturous ways of â€Å"The Brothers† The repetition of the words â€Å"those boys† and â€Å"the brothers† shows that the girls is trying to alienate herself from the senseless torturing of or animals.The repetition is used to make the reader fell empathy towards the girl as she is faced with an impossible situation. Save the bugs and get tormented by the brothers or let the innocent creatures get killed. Beverage shocks the audience to make her message seem more serious that cruelty towards animals should not be happening which Is familiar through all three of her poems. Beverage uses the poetic technique of personification throughout her poems to give the animals human qualities which make the reader feel sympathy towards them.She goes this in her poems â€Å"the Domesticity of Giraffes†, â€Å"Fox in a Tree Stump† and â€Å"The Two Brothers†. This is familiarized by the reader. Beverage personifies the Giraffe as a beautiful flower surrounded by concrete. This symbolizes the Giraffe in captivity as something beautiful that doesn't belong where It Is. Beverage familiarizes the reader with the use of personification to express her feelings of animal cruelty. Throughout her second poem â€Å"The Fox in the Tree Stump†, Beverage uses the technique of personification to express her feelings about animal cruelty.This is done by personifying the fox to make it harder for the girl to kill it. The quote â€Å"the fox stood coughing† represents the fox suffering from when the girl smoked It out of Its Beverage is trying to get across to the audience. This theme of animal cruelty is familiarized through personification in Beverage's first and second poem. In the poem â€Å"The Two Brothers† the theme of animal cruelty is shown through the poetic technique of personification which is familiar in three of Beverage's poems.The use f personi fication gives a deeper understanding of animal cruelty by giving the animals human qualities. The quote â€Å"the snails never needed more than a single leaf to paint† personifies the snail as an artist as it eats the leaves of the flower. This is used to make Beverage's message clearer about how animals should be left alone and not tortured. In Beverage's poems she familiarizes the themes of animal cruelty and uses the same poetic techniques to display the theme. Even though her poems are the about different events the massage does not change. â€Å"Animal cruelty is wrong†.

Is war ever justified?? Essay

Diamond, a precious metal, is famous for two important characteristics which are its hardness and thermal conductivity, although, extraction and processing of a diamond are a very difficult process. Diamond is one of the most expensive metals in the world as it is rarely found in the world. The extraction and processing of a diamond is done in the following manner: Discovery of diamond mine, Extraction of diamond in raw form, further processed in industries and finally it is supplied to the markets. The first step in the procedure of a diamond is Discovery of diamond mine, it is the major and the most difficult step in the procedure of diamond, this is because, diamond mines are rarely found in the world and it is very difficult to discover diamond mine because it requires high amount of capital, machinery and manpower. The second step in the procedure of diamond is Extraction of diamond from its mines. It is a difficult process which requires heavy machinery and labor force. Diamonds are attached in heavy rocks and these rocks come to the earth surface by volcanic eruptions. On the other hand, this stage is very risky for the labors who are working on the site this is because, in the process of extraction there are many hazardous gasses which are being leaked and which affects the health of the people who are working there so all of them must be very careful as it can be very dangerous for them. The third step in the procedure of diamond is further processing. In this step all raw form diamonds are sent to the industries where all other impurities are separated from the diamonds and these raw form of diamonds are converted into finished goods. Diamonds have many uses firstly, it is used in making jewels. Secondly, it is used as a thermal conductor in many science experiments as it is the best thermal conductor. The fourth and the last step in the procedure of diamond is the supply of diamond to the markets. In this stage finished good are supplied to the  market. Diamond is supplied worldwide because, there are very less reserves of diamonds in the world so this step is also an important one. In conclusion, the process of a diamond from its mine to finished goods is a difficult process and you need to follow these steps to safely extract diamonds. Diamonds are very expensive because of their unique characteristics and because of high process cost.

The Main Types of Essay Papers

The Main Types of Essay Papers Defining Narrative, Argumentative, Expository Essay Types Students of all ages face the necessity to complete various types of academic works. Types of assigned papers usually depend on students’ grade and specialization. However, some essay types are included in general education program. It means you inevitably have to write them no matter if you are studying Law or Science. This time we will define the major essay types including Narrative, Argumentative and Expository essays defining their features in addition to useful writing tips. Essay type 1 – Narrative essay Everything looks pretty simple here. All you need is to try a role of a storyteller. Speak to your audience in a written way and tell about any real-life experienced that stroke you in the past. Students like writing narrative essays although the paper may still be rather challenging for immature and amateur writers. Narrative essay topic examples: The Happiest Family Vacation; My Worst Enemy. Essay type 2 – Expository essay College students are familiar with this type of academic paper. They are actually the same as research papers. Here you need to deliver facts merely and support the topic and your point of view. The most challenging aspect of this essay is to arrange all paragraphs, sentences and thoughts establishing a coherence for the reader. Make sure your audience can put up with all facts and data you deliver. Expository essay topic examples: How do mobile devices affect people’s lives? The results of Communism. Essay type 3 – Argumentative essay This is where you need to persuade your readers that you provide the only right point of view. The name of the paper makes it clear that students are supposed to highlight strong arguments in favor of their opinions. Although you are allowed using other experts’ opinions, the main mission of the paper is to design one of your own. Argumentative essay topic examples: Can mobile devices replace live communication? Is the modern education program efficient when finding a job?

Example Sentences of the English Verb Put

Example Sentences of the English Verb Put Learning irregular verb tenses can be difficult, and requires  putting a lot of time and effort into studying. This page provides example sentences of the verb put in all tenses including active and passive forms, as well as conditional and modal forms. Once youve reviewed all the examples, put your knowledge to the test with a quiz! All Forms of Put Base Form put / Past Simple put / Past Participle put / Gerund putting Present Simple He puts on his clothes before he has breakfast. Present Simple Passive The paper is put onto the porch by the paperboy. Present Continuous We are putting on a show this evening. Present Continuous Passive A show is being put on by the students this evening. Present Perfect Have you put on weight? Present Perfect Passive Has the exhibit been put up yet? Present Perfect Continuous We have been putting together the project all morning long. Past Simple They put us up last weekend. Past Simple Passive We were put up last weekend by the Smiths. Past Continuous We were putting on some music when he walked into the room. Past Continuous Passive Some music was being put on when he walked into the room. Past Perfect She had put on some weight before moving to Paris. Past Perfect Passive Jack had been put up by his friends before he moved in with me. Past Perfect Continuous We had been putting together the report for two hours when he finally arrived. Future (will) She will put Jack up for the weekend. Future (will) passive Jack will be put up by Jane for the weekend. Future (going to) I am going to put on some weight this summer. Future (going to) passive Some money is going to be put aside for the show. Future Continuous We will be putting the final touches on the project this time tomorrow. Future Perfect By the time you arrive I will have put everything together. Future Possibility She might put you up for the night. Real Conditional If she puts on some weight, she will go on a diet. Unreal Conditional If she put on some weight, she would go on a diet. Past Unreal Conditional If she had put on some weight, she would have gone on a diet. Present Modal She should put that book back. Past Modal She must have put on some weight. Quiz: Conjugate With Put Use the verb to put to conjugate the following sentences. Quiz answers are below. In some cases, more than one answer may be correct. They _____ us up last weekend.A show _____ on by the students right now.She _____ Jack up for the weekend.If she _____ on some weight, she will go on a diet.We _____ up last weekend by the Smiths.He _____ on his clothes before he has breakfast._____ the exhibit _____ up yet?The paper _____ onto the porch by the paperboy.If she _____ on some weight, she would go on a diet.Some money _____ aside for the show. Thats the plan. Quiz Answers putis being putwill putputsputputsHas been putis putputis going to be put

3 Reasons to Buy Your Real Christmas Tree Early

3 Reasons to Buy Your Real Christmas Tree Early The weekend after Thanksgiving is traditionally when​ most Christmas tree buying occurs. The decision to delay buying your holiday tree can certainly be determined by personal reasons including family tradition, religious doctrine and a post-Thanksgiving getting into the Christmas spirit barrage of media hype. If you are not bound by any of these or other personal preferences, you might want to consider shopping for and buying a Christmas tree a bit earlier in November. Buying early will pay off with less competition for higher quality Christmas tree selections and could ultimately result in a fresher holiday tree  if properly displayed and watered. Here are some of the reasons to buy a tree early. The Best Trees Are Harvested Early   You should consider mid-November as the  time to plan and follow through on your Christmas tree purchase. Christmas tree farms typically open during the middle of November and start cutting trees for lot sales. These are commercial wholesale farms (who often sell high-quality trees out the front door) and smaller tree farms catering to cutting your own tree. These types of Christmas tree farms promote early sales in designated sections where Christmas trees are of age and in prime shape. Obviously, these areas yield better trees at the beginning of the season, and its when you need to plan your visit. Farms selling trees online actually insist you place your order early in November. Although pricey, Ive found holiday trees purchased on the Internet to be of higher quality than even the premium selects growing on a tree farm. These trees are the growers best of the season crop and harvested first. Farms that supply online broker/sellers or farms that actually sell online take the best trees of their  plantation. They will arrive in perfect condition and are stand-ready (some farms even provide temporary stands with the tree). Instead of having to pick the perfect tree, you have professionals select the best for your holiday season. Get a Better Quality Tree Mounted in a Stand Most people dont realize that many Christmas trees bought on lots were cut in early to mid-November. So, when these trees are not purchased until after Thanksgiving, the drying process is well advanced and needle retention is often compromised. You are just as well off, and in our opinion much better off, buying the tree early and following our recommendations on how to prepare it for optimum freshness over the rest of the season. Although you just might luck out and get a fresh tree late in the season, you should not consider yourself getting a fresh tree by purchasing after Thanksgiving weekend. You just get a lower quality tree (picked over) with shedding needles as you delay your purchase. The sooner you get your Christmas tree in a watering stand after cutting, the longer will be the trees needle retention. The above reasons are the perfect excuse to buy a tree early and enjoying it during the Thanksgiving season. You should not consider yourself getting a fresh tree by purchasing later. The odds are that you just get a lower quality tree with shedding needles if purchased in December.   Avoid a Short Buying Season   Every year is different when it comes to Christmas tree availability. Christmas tree sales in numbers can vary annually because some years will have less shopping days between Thanksgiving and Christmas than others. This means that tree sellers will be busy over a shorter period of time and you will not have as many days to shop for a Christmas tree. Natural disruptions (insects, disease, fire, drought or ice) can cause regional Christmas tree shortages which can make certain Christmas tree species hard to find. In any event, buyers need to plan and purchase early to pick from the best holiday trees on the lot.

The American Constitution Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

The American Constitution - Research Paper Example This essay discusses the Robert Morris from Pennsylvania, the "investor" of the Revolution, who began the events with a nomenclature Gen. George Washington for the presidency of the Constitutional Convention. The vote was undoubtedly unanimous. With distinctive traditional humility, Washington articulated his discomfiture at his lack of qualifications to be in charge over such an imposing body and apologized for any errors into which he may plummet in the path of its negotiations. Thus began the majestic ‘beginning’ of the constitution of the greatest economic epicenter of modern day. The Anti-Federalist, played a key role in how the United States was going to function as a Government and the effect the Anti-Federalist paper had on the creation of our constitution. The Anti-Federalist movement, should be given credit in helping to shape our constitution, their cause was a major stumbling block that had to be resolve in order for a more perfect union that protects each in dividual States. The Federalists had more than an innovative political plan and a well-chosen name to aid their cause. The Anti-Federalists were a rebellious alliance of citizens who disagreed with the ratification of the Constitution. In conclusion, the researcher states that no group in the US political history was more dynamic & heterogeneous than the Anti Federalists. Even a brief glance of the concluding vote on confirmation, demonstrates the unbelievable provincial and geological diversity of the Anti Federalist alliance.

Violent Behavior in the Media and its impact on Violence in the Research Proposal

Violent Behavior in the Media and its impact on Violence in the Physical World - Research Proposal Example Society as a whole is consistently being fed with violent images, ideas and themes from the media that surrounds us. This is particularly important in the present age where mass media is a common method is a common method of advertising and entertainment. Mass media comes in many forms and the term is used to any form of media communication that reaches a large group of people at the same time. Different forms of mass media include newspapers, the Internet, billboards, movies, television and magazines. One form of mass media that is of particular interest is television. From once being a novelty, and a luxury item that only a few could afford, televisions are now commonplace in households, with many who consider themselves ‘light’ viewers watching several hours each day. Many who watch television pride themselves on the ability to distinguish fact from fiction, what is real from what is illusion, yet these distinctions are solely on the part of the viewer, and change as the viewers own perception changes. The high prevalence of television in the lives of a large amount of people, as well as the high number of hours that are viewed by even light viewers leads to concern that there is high potential for what is observed to affect both thought processes and behavior. In addition to this the large amount of information that can be portrayed through the television, both from sounds and visual information is substantial. A factor that has been of interest within the literature for many years is whether the violence and aggression that is prevalent in mass media in general and particularly on television has any influence on the levels of violence and aggression that are observed in the real world. Violence in media can generally be defined as visual or audio portrayals of physical aggression by one character, generally human-like, towards another. In contrast, aggression in the media can be defined as an act intended to either injure or irritate another person . Debate has been wide ranging concerning whether the violence on television plays any role, with opinions and studies indicating different results. This debate is becoming of increasing importance as the prevalence of violence on television continues to rise . Murders and shootings are common in many different genres of television program and movies. Martial arts, expositions and fist fights are all common fare to emphasize a point, or to fill in the gaps between pieces of story . This study looks at the background and need for studies on violence on television, the arguments for the ability of mass media to cause violence,

The Hardy Weinberg Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Hardy Weinberg Law - Essay Example In the case of a squirrel population containing 1,000 squirrels, there are 2 types of coat colors expressed, red and black. It was determined that 292 squirrels were homozygous dominant, 440 squirrels were heterozygous and 268 were homozygous recessive. The genotypic frequencies are as follows: Let us allow "R" to represent the allele for dominant, red fur. Let us then allow "r" to represent the recessive allele which when presented in a homozygous pair, results in black fur. If 292 squirrels were homozygous dominant, that means that 29.2% of the squirrels were genotypically RR and red coated. If 440 of the squirrels were heterozygous, then 44% of the squirrel population was Rr and red coated. If 268 of the squirrels were homozygous recessive then 26.8% of the squirrel population was rr and black coated. These percentages were simply obtained by dividing the number of squirrels within the same genotype (rr, RR or Rr) by the total number of squirrels. This number is a translation of the actual number of squirrels having the same genotype into a percentage of the overall population of squirrels. To determine the allelic frequency, we will first look at the formula provided in the beginning of this paper.

Unconventional Warfare Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Unconventional Warfare - Essay Example Guerilla warfare was first referred as a war of revolutionary nature by Mao Zedong who used it widely in his operations in China1. However it is used in modern insurgencies as a part of an integrated process with all the sophistications associated with an organized operation including propaganda capabilities, doctrines and specialist skills. 2 Kennedy Hickman, Fabian Strategy : Wearing Down the Enemy , 2007, About.com: Military History, The Medieval myth of Roland borne out of the Battle of Roncevaux Pass was won by the Basque due to the effective utilization of guerilla tactics3. 15th century saw the Vietnamese insurgency against the Chinese where as the 19th century saw the Balkan people using the same tactics to fight against the Ottoman Empire4. World War I and World War II also saw a number of guerilla warfare in the name of resistance movements and other insurgent activities. Guerilla warfare continues in many parts of the world post the II World War as well. However, the most common feature associated with unconventional warfare is its nationalist fighting nature which was evident in the rebellions. One key exception was the Columbian FARC which gave up armed rebellion following its electoral defeat only to resume it later and associate with the drug lobby against the traditions it followed6. 3Kennedy Hickman, Charlemagne: Battle of Roncevaux Pass, 2007, About.com: Military History, 4Walter Laqueur, Guerrilla Warfare - A Historical & Critical Study, 1998, (Transaction Books) 239-277 5 Encyclopaedia Britannica, "Warfare Conduct Of, Guerrilla Warfare," 1984 ed, p. 584 6Walter Laqueur, Guerrilla Warfare - A Historical & Critical Study, 1998, (Transaction Books) xi Two of the major victories of the guerilla warfare happened in Afghanistan and Chechnya, both of which coincided with the collapse of the Soviet Union. The victory is mainly attributed to the fact that though the enemy was powerful, lacked the political will. Afghanistan war also gave a topographical advantage to the rebels which led to the evacuation of the Soviet troops in 1989. Guerillas failed to achieve decisive victories in a number of countries like Turkey, Algeria, Israel, Sri Lanka and Sudan, though they succeeded in causing sizeable harm to their enemies. Considerable help has been provided to the guerillas from abroad to keep the momentum going in the operation as in the Arab countries support given to the Palestinians and Afghans and the Indian Tamil support to the Sri Lankan Tamils7. The key forms of insurgency that is expected to control the modern era are likely to be driven by problems caused due to the increasingly commercialized and modernized world. This is expected to dominate the Third World countries with

Negative Impacts of Coal and Clean Coal Technology Research Paper

Negative Impacts of Coal and Clean Coal Technology - Research Paper Example Different types of coal are found inside the Earth in collective form which are then extracted and used for different purposes (The formation of Coal: Planete Energies ). CLASSIFICATION Classification of coal is done on the basis of transformation of the plants. The more transformed plant material the better is the form of coal. The type of coal is determined by a process known as Proximate Analysis. In this process the constituents of coal are analyzed for classification. Various constituents of coal are water, volatile substance, carbon and dust. Coal is mainly classified on the basis of carbon present in it and the relative heat energy it can produce. There are two ranks of coal; lower rank consists of lignite and sub-bitunimous and the higher rank consists of bitunimous and anthracite. Lower rank coal has low carbon and energy levels. They are soft and friable in nature with somewhat brownish appreance. The higher rank coal has high carbon and energy level. They are hard and stro ng in nature with complete black apprence. However, along with coal, peat is also present with is not classified as coal because of its characteristics yet it plays a very important role in the formation of coal (The Energy Library: Types of coal). Peat It is not coal but it is related to the process of formation of coal. It has a soft apprence and it consists of deposited plant substances along with other chemicals. They are present in the wetland areas of Northern Hemisphere. Lignite It is also known as brown coal because of its apprence. It contains upto 60% carbon and 50% volatile substance. It can not produce high level of energy and therefore it is not traded in the market. It is usually used in power stations and industry boilers which are close to the coal mines. Since it has a soft texture therefore it is easily converted into gas or petrolem. Sub-bitunimous Next layer after lignite is of Sub-bitunimous coal which is formed by the plant fossils that are burried deeper in th e soil. It is hard and dark in color as compared to lignite and it can produre high level of clean energy as it has lower sulphur composition. Bitunimous It has upto 80% carbon and produces higher level of energy. It is also known as sedimentary rock because it possess deeper plant fossils and minerals. It generates smoke and dust when burned. The appearance of the coal is either dark brown or black with fine texture. It is significantly used in electric producing plants and industries and it is very appropriate for steel making. Anthracite It is ranked as the highest type of coal because it contains higher level of carbon. It is very hard and completely balck in color. It produces less smoke and lower flame. Anthracite is also known as blue coal, stone coal, black diamond, etc. It is found usually in the mountain ranges. USES Coal is substantially required to fulfil the present and future energy demands. Following are the most important uses of coal (World Coal Association: uses of coal): It is used as liquid fuel in production of steel, cement and electricity. Coal plays a major role in paper manufacturing, chemical industry, pharmaceutical sector and in rifnery of aluminia. The coal by-products are also used in production of certain chemicals. Coke ovens produces Amonia gas which is then used to produce ammonia salts, ferilizers and acids. Products of daily usage such as soap also contains coal.

Are Viruses Considered To Be Living Organisms Essay

Are Viruses Considered To Be Living Organisms - Essay Example In 1876, even though the nature of virus was not recognized at the time, yet, it was anticipated that the number of species of virus are greater than that of all other living things put together. Viruses are parasites as they can’t nurture themselves and require a host cell for nutrition, growth and reproduction. All viruses are harmful; in fact their capability to operate as ‘mobile genes’ is considered to have inclined the hereditary make-up and development of higher living beings. Indeed their similarity to the genetic material of higher organisms that can move from one genetic material to another can be considered to be as evidence of their beginning. Nowadays, many experts consider that viruses have been descended from bacterial plasmids (small package of genes residing on the outer side of the chromosomes of bacteria and have the ability to transfer from one bacterium to another). Viruses are not similar to human or bacterial cells. They are tiny creatures t hat can’t be seen with a normal light microscope. Their size is said to be of only one-millionth part of an inch. Viruses may even infect bacteria to reproduce themselves; the Bacteriophage virus for example requires bacteria for the completion of its life cycle. Once infected, the host cell stops its functioning rather starts serving the viral requirements resulting in the onset of infection to the host (Holzenburg and Bogner, 2002). Viral Structure A virus mainly consists of three parts. 1. Capsid – It is a protein coat that environs the nucleic acid to protect it. 2. Nucleic acid – It is the basic genetic material; either RNA or DNA that grasps all the data for the virus and contrast each virus from another. 3. Envelope – It is a lipid membrane that envelops the capsid (protein coat). However, it is not present in all viruses. Those viruses that possess envelop are said to be enveloped viruses while those that lack it are called naked viruses. Fig1. Ch aracteristic Viral Structure Lytic cycle The lytic cycle which represents the life cycle of virus involves six basic steps 1. Adsorption as the virus gets attached to the host cell. 2. Entry: The attached virus then penetrates the cell by injecting its genetic instructions (RNA or DNA) into the cytoplasm of the host cell. 3. Transcription: The injected viral genetic material takes control of the host cell’s nucleus and starts directing the enzymes of the host. 4. Replication: Fragments of new viruses are made using particular enzymes. 5. Assembly: The fragments formed are then assembled to form new viruses. 6. Release: The novel viruses destroy the host cell and burst out to attack new host cells and continue this cycle. Virus Non Living or Living? Viruses are usually kept on the borderline between living and non living beings. Some features of viruses make them considered as living beings while other lead to the development of opinion of considering them as non living. Virus es are regarded as living on the basis of their proposed evolution via natural selection and ability to reproduce themselves. Viruses can be regarded non living as they are acellular and require a host to perform its metabolic and reproductive activities. Viruses are convoluted assemblage of molecules, including nucleic acids, proteins, carbohydrates and lipids, but unable to do anything on their own until they penetrate the host cell. The

Negative Impacts of Coal and Clean Coal Technology Research Paper

Negative Impacts of Coal and Clean Coal Technology - Research Paper Example Different types of coal are found inside the Earth in collective form which are then extracted and used for different purposes (The formation of Coal: Planete Energies ). CLASSIFICATION Classification of coal is done on the basis of transformation of the plants. The more transformed plant material the better is the form of coal. The type of coal is determined by a process known as Proximate Analysis. In this process the constituents of coal are analyzed for classification. Various constituents of coal are water, volatile substance, carbon and dust. Coal is mainly classified on the basis of carbon present in it and the relative heat energy it can produce. There are two ranks of coal; lower rank consists of lignite and sub-bitunimous and the higher rank consists of bitunimous and anthracite. Lower rank coal has low carbon and energy levels. They are soft and friable in nature with somewhat brownish appreance. The higher rank coal has high carbon and energy level. They are hard and stro ng in nature with complete black apprence. However, along with coal, peat is also present with is not classified as coal because of its characteristics yet it plays a very important role in the formation of coal (The Energy Library: Types of coal). Peat It is not coal but it is related to the process of formation of coal. It has a soft apprence and it consists of deposited plant substances along with other chemicals. They are present in the wetland areas of Northern Hemisphere. Lignite It is also known as brown coal because of its apprence. It contains upto 60% carbon and 50% volatile substance. It can not produce high level of energy and therefore it is not traded in the market. It is usually used in power stations and industry boilers which are close to the coal mines. Since it has a soft texture therefore it is easily converted into gas or petrolem. Sub-bitunimous Next layer after lignite is of Sub-bitunimous coal which is formed by the plant fossils that are burried deeper in th e soil. It is hard and dark in color as compared to lignite and it can produre high level of clean energy as it has lower sulphur composition. Bitunimous It has upto 80% carbon and produces higher level of energy. It is also known as sedimentary rock because it possess deeper plant fossils and minerals. It generates smoke and dust when burned. The appearance of the coal is either dark brown or black with fine texture. It is significantly used in electric producing plants and industries and it is very appropriate for steel making. Anthracite It is ranked as the highest type of coal because it contains higher level of carbon. It is very hard and completely balck in color. It produces less smoke and lower flame. Anthracite is also known as blue coal, stone coal, black diamond, etc. It is found usually in the mountain ranges. USES Coal is substantially required to fulfil the present and future energy demands. Following are the most important uses of coal (World Coal Association: uses of coal): It is used as liquid fuel in production of steel, cement and electricity. Coal plays a major role in paper manufacturing, chemical industry, pharmaceutical sector and in rifnery of aluminia. The coal by-products are also used in production of certain chemicals. Coke ovens produces Amonia gas which is then used to produce ammonia salts, ferilizers and acids. Products of daily usage such as soap also contains coal.

To determine the concentration of limewater Essay Example for Free

To determine the concentration of limewater Essay The aim of my experiment is to find the concentration of limewater solution provided. To do this I am provided with the following chemicals. Limewater: 250cm (1g dm ) Hydrochloric acid at concentration of 2 mol dm As you can see the hydrochloric acid is too concentrated for titration (i.e. one drop could change the colour of the solution.) therefore this acid will need to be diluted. Background knowledge: Limewater can be made by dissolved slacked lime in water to get a solution of calcium hydroxide (Ca (OH) 2 ) Quicklime + water slaked lime CaO (s) + H2O (l) CaCl2 (aq) + 2H2O (l) In this reaction it shows the calcium oxide reacts with water to produce calcium hydroxide. After adding more water to calcium hydroxide, it produces the saturated aqueous solution known as limewater. My experiment will be based on this neutralisation reaction between the limewater and hydrochloric acid. Ca(OH) 2(aq) + HCl (aq) CaCl2 (aq) + 2H2O (l) ï ¼Ë†back ground knowledge of limewater provided by AS chemistry 1 page†¦Ã¯ ¼â€° Diluting hydrochloric acid: My first task for this experiment is to dilute the hydrochloric acid. To do this I first needed to work out how many moles I wanted for hydrochloric acid. For this part of my calculation I choose to use text book Calculations for chemistry to help me. Page†¦.. Ca(OH) 2(aq) + HCl (aq) CaCl2 (aq) + 2H2O (l) 1gdm of Ca(OH) 2 Number of moles of limewater Mr of lime water= 40.1 + (16 x 2) + (1 x 2) = 74.1 Mass of lime water=1g Moles of lime water =mass(g)/Mr So 1/74.1=0.13 mol dm-3 Molarities of limewater solution: Morality = no. moles of limewater / volume = 0.013 / 1 = 0.013 mol dm So there is 0.013 mole of Ca(OH) 2 per every 1000cm3 of solution. Therefore 25cm should contain 3.2510-4 moles of Ca(OH) 2. 0.013/40=3.2510-4 mole Ratio of limewater: Hydrochloric acid = 1: 2 = 3.25 x 10 : 6.5 x 10 The hydrochloric acid is 2M which is 2 moles HCl in 1dm of solution. I need 6.5 x 10 moles of acid. Now I need to work out the volume of hydrochloric acid like this: Volume = no. moles x 1000 / concentration = 6.5 x 10 x 1000 / 2 = 0.325cm I want a 25cm titre that contains 6.5 x 10 mol dm Now I need to work out the concentration of hydrochloric acid. Concentration = no. moles x 1000 / volume = 6.5 x 10 x 1000 / 25 = 0.026 mol dm I now know that I want 0.026-mol dm of hydrochloric acid for the reaction to work. But I have been supplied with 2.00-mol solution. I want 250cm of dilute hydrochloric acid at 0.026-mol dm. The total no. moles in 250cm is unknown. 250 cm of the solution should be enough to repeat the experiment. Total number of moles of HCL: No. moles = concentration x volume / 1000 This equation is rearranged to make: Volume = no. moles x 1000 / concentration So 1000cm contains 0.026 moles therefore 250cm contains 0.0065 moles Volume of hydrochloric acid I need : Volume = no. moles x 1000 / concentration = 0.0065 x 1000 / 2 =3.25cm Apparatus Pipette25ml Burette50ml Conical flask 250cm Volumetric flask 250cm Graduated pipette Clamp + stand White paper Distilled water Squeezing pump Safety: Concentrated HCL must be handled with extreme caution due to its corrosive property. Goggle and lab coat must be worn all the way through the experiment. Rubber gloves must be worn when handling concentrated HCL. Hazard sheet must be filled before the experiment. Chemicals used for my titration: Chemical in burette: hydrochloric acid( 0.026mol dm ) Chemical in conical flask: lime water Indicator: methyl orange Method: Here is how I am going to carry out my experiment: Part 1: diluting acid. Add the 3.25cm of hydrochloric acid to the volumetric flask using the graduated pipette to get the exact amount of hydrochloric acid. Fill the same volumetric flask with distilled water until is reaches 250ml. This should now make my dilute hydrochloric acid with 0.0065 -mol dm. Now the hydrochloric acid is ready. Part 2: the titration. Wash burette with tap water, then distilled water and finally with hydrochloric acid. Wash the conical flask with tap water, then distilled water and finally with limewater Set up titration apparatus. Fill the burette with 50cm of the dilute hydrochloric acid making sure the bottom of the meniscus is reading at 50 on the burette. Using a funnel to put the dilute hydrochloric acid in the burette increases safety against spillage. Fill the conical flask with 25cm of limewater using the squeezing pump and pipette. Add three drops of methyl orange to the limewater and mix until it turns a light yellow depending on the concentration of the methyl orange. Place the conical flask containing limewater onto a white paper. Start to run the dilute hydrochloric acid steadily, starting of constantly when a you see a localised colour change, then start to add small drops, finally into drop by drop. shake the conical flask after every drop of HCL is added. This will make sure you will use the exact amount of hydrochloric acid when the colour changes. This improves accuracy and reliability. Repeat all the tests at least three times (Time dependent) so that an average can be obtained. Repeating the experiments several times will help to produce better and more accurate results, as any inaccuracies in one experiment should be compensated for by the other experiments. Note all the results in a table. One thing I have to decide is what indicator I want to use. The indicators methyl orange and phenolphthalein are pretty much one-three drops change and a clear change. The pink/colourless change for phenolphthalein is very definite, the yellow/pink change for methyl orange is clear too. Because these are clear it means I can tell when the reaction has finished easier than using other indicators. Limewater, which is calcium hydroxide, is a strong alkali, even though it is only sparing soluble. Its pH is 14. Hydrochloric acid is a strong acid. This means that even if you have quite a weak concentration it completely dissociates in water into H3O+ ions and OH- ions giving a pH of 1 (The pH is a measure of how many hydrogen ions are present in solution). For the reaction of Calcium hydroxide and Hydrochloric acid I would use methyl orange. It changes colour at around pH 4.4 and will change from yellow in acid to pink in alkali by the addition of limewater. To make this experiment as accurate as possible, the pipette, burette and volumetric flask only have a percentage error of + or – 0.1%. This is only a small error. Also making sure the hydrochloric acid is poured into the burette carefully using a funnel will prevent the hydrochloric acid pouring down the side of the burette.

Requirements for Human Resource Planning in Healthcare

Requirements for Human Resource Planning in Healthcare PHOEBE COLETO TASK ONE – INDIVIDUAL RESEARCH REPORT Considers the following types of business factors that underpin human resource planning in a healthcare organisation business growth, decline, change, competition; impact of technology and labour market competition and employee development. Planning is one of the important factors in our life. Surely we all practice planning in our daily lives activities, careers, budgets and others. However we do it, planning is one of the important factor in the organization it is step by step to achieve a desirable outcome. This is typically refer to as business planning in corporate environment, accepting the more systematic and disciplined approach. The plan is to reach the achievement, programs and develop new services. The quality of such plans are organisational route maps to get business to some defined point, or points, in the future. Strategic planning is something that has grown steadily and one of the important part of modern business and organisational cycle. Human resources planning is an integration that define the current and future human resources needs for an organization to achieve its goals. Human resources planning should connect the human resources management and the whole strategic plan of an organization. BUSINESS GROWTH Cost has been more important theme in healthcare organizations. Organizations realize that future profitability will not be achieved by simply cutting the cost. Healthcare organization s system are starting to express and implement business growth strategies to implement effective profit and referral opportunities. Enhancing the business approach to working with clients, different organizations are investing in business growth strategies to promote better services, client expectations and gain customer loyalty and trust. Growth of the organization is depend on the ability of your team to develop services that meet client’s expectations; packaging the services for the benefit of the customer. The healthcare systems must differentiate the value and benefits of their services. The staff ability to meet this challenge is rejective to the organization’s to maintain successful growth. Therefore, in order the achieve the highest of success it needs strict implementation of plans. Implementation of training employees and hiring qualified staff will make an additional overall growth of the business. Through aiming for the quality of service and uniqueness of the service will give impression to client that this company is better to the other company. People will begin to be loyal to the services provided and will surely increase the business growth. DECLINE Doubt is ever present on business. Business decline refers to downward trend of business profit or revenue. The reasons of business unstable are generally caused by decline of service value, customer satisfaction, global and local competition, and new regulatory. On the other hand, it may result to business bankruptcy or closure of the company. The human resource management must do steps to prevent the decline or downfall of business. The business that flourishes in the middle of uncertainty times is the one who looks at the situation, change accordingly and define existing sales techniques to face the test of the business. This is the best method of willing to change and responsive. CHANGE â€Å"The ability to find new and non-traditional avenues to apply our strength is fundamental to our ability to remain competitive and responsive† by Stefan Kohn. Changes in the business is always part of the economy. It is an expected part of the business cycle. If there is a change it is important to consider people of the organization. Without the right people being willing, ready for the change, the solutions will never be implemented successfully. Usually changes struggles fail due to absence of attention. As quoted â€Å" The better you know your customer the better you are able to gauge what matters most in defining a positive customer experience† says Michelle Cox, head of contract centres at MBF (part of Bupa Australia). â€Å"Such customer – centricity is core to competitiveness in today’s market, helping to direct innovation, create value, and ensure flexibility and nimbleness in decision-making,† says Ms. Cox. Attending to the people dy namics should be completed as an equate factor of the design and administer of the change. The progression fit the change for success; measure through the designed solutions, implementation, planning, and testing. The key to achieve success is unruly designing the change process to handle all the content and people as one. COMPETITION The healthcare market faces many challenges. The impact increase the competition with quality and cost is not transparent. The relation between quality of healthcare provided to customer and system cost of giving health care is not explained. In every business there is rivalry to sales, profit, market and price, quality and service. In healthcare setting, the quality product or service would be the main reason to be a competitive. The human resource management should know the market or who they competing. It will help the Human resource to produce the quality services, marketing, and unique products. It will also accredit them to set a competitive cost and marketing campaigns. Create marketing strategies to the rivalry weakness and will improved the organization performance. Being a realistic in attaining goals will help aiming the success. IMPACT OF TECHNOLOGY The use of technology to help ensure quality and control cost plays important role in every business. Technological advancement are used in healthcare industries to achieve efficiency and effectiveness in care. It is believe that to improve the system is through innovation and entrepreneurism. Client were given information and power, reshaping how care is delivered, and changing the services. It has helped give clear meanings and every record right from the billing to diagnostic and treatment can be maintain through easy access by healthcare providers. Using software and tools, profiles of patients can be created so doctors can give standardized treatment. This improves the client outcome and reduces cost of health care. This proves that technology touches each and every stages of our lives. Technology has amazingly enhanced of life and boost economy of the world. LABOUR MARKET COMPETITION In New Zealand, healthcare is very competitive market due to shortage of specialised staff. They were facility gives poor services due to fast turnover of staff. The reason behind this is the load of work they have does not compensate with the wages they received. Planning and developing a competitive rate will develop the attitude of competitiveness. Categorize the load of work and compensating it with correct incentive creates satisfaction of employee. Good governance of the manager and good relationship to the staff will also prevent fast turnover. Working together as one unit in this competitive environment and giving importance to staff will give positive outcome. EMPLOYEE DEVELOPMENT A staff who receives the advance training is better able to perform her job. She becomes more knowledgeable about safety and proper procedures. The training also build the employees confidence because she has now a stronger understanding and the responsibilities of her job. The confidence will push the staff to perform even better and think of new ideas to excel. Continuous training also keeps your employees to retain and attract. Staff who are competent and on top of changing environment will help the company hold a position as a leader and strong competitor. Considers the following types of human resource requirements and factors that underpin human resource planning in a healthcare organisation Identifying internal personnel requirements, internal and external factors in matching personnel to organisational requirements; government policies and labour market competition. Workforce plays vital role in the business. The performance of the employee and the quality of service gives determines the stand of the organisation. The steps of hiring starts with advance planning to detect the needed staff in the organisation. The effective determinant of a management’s ability to respond in time to a changing and unstable business work environment is know how to be flexible and adaptable. The health care system is highly intensive with regards to labour. The effective health care system must have the exact number and mix of health care provider and must be with motivation and skills to perform the job assigned. Other countries are now in crisis for scarcity of qualified health care staff and that involves availability. The three dimension which relate to right health care workers ; distribution of skilful, which relate with the recruitment and retention of health care workers who is most needed; and the performance, which relates to a health care worker productivity and quality of the health care workers provide. IDENTIFYING INTERNAL PERSONNEL REQUIREMENTS The organizations may want to fill position or vacancies with their current employees. Usually a company will allow current employees to apply for the vacancies inside the firm. The vacancies are advertised around the organization and can be applied by any employee who they are qualified The intuitions usually needed investigation and assessment if require an additional qualified staff. Performance increase plays important role to assess the performance and quality of work of an employee in a specific duties and responsibilities. This process enhance the employee skills and opportunity for promotion if needed. Also, it gives appropriate experience. Arranging or rearranging the organisation is a hard task. The human resource will retain the staff who is fit to the job, also it another option is hire new skilful employee. It can be done by identifying, assessing and implementing the problem. INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL PERSONNEL REQUIREMENTS IN MATCHING PERSONNEL TO ORGANISATIONAL REQUIREMENTS An internal personnel need a specific position that match to the need of specific organisation. The balance in organisation is important that bring the demand and supply, so that the scarcity and over staffing will be solved. Pool of applicants must eliminate and select the right person to occupy the right position or vacancy. An External factor is the people that are needed for the job. It describes the people who will be qualified to the position as internal requirement of the management. Planning gives perspective and make sure the accurate amount of staff that are present to gives the necessary outcome of the organisation. GOVERNMENT POLICIES AND LABOUR MARKET COMPETITION Government policies and guidelines are producing well for promotion of the safety of the staff and management. These legislation will have a big impact with process of hiring, training, compensation and discipline of the people in the organization. Due to the competition of labour market there is a set of specific compensation depending on the level or work. Wages are set for specific positions and jobs, however, in this competitive environment people will look that provides a better salary. Labour market economics involves studying the different dimensions of labour supply and demand, which collaborate with wages, employment and unemployment. It can be understood as process of human labour as bought and also sold, means labour demand is equal to labour supply. Which means it’s the process between the workers and the organisation. This puts pressure to the governments to decrease the regulation of the business pratices, including the people protection legislation, to make sure that the organization are best able to answer to changes in labour market. The governments have responsibility to protect the workers and force to implement balance in the economic interest and employee protection. This is shown in the issues of the right for agency and temporary/contractual staff. The flexible labours market has the ability to accept and fire workers and offer poor compensation and employment conditions. REFERENCES: The Labour Market Context of HRM http://www.sagepub.com/wilton/The%20Labour%20Market%20Context.pdf Internal Control Integrated Framework http://www.coso.org/documents/Internal Control-Integrated Framework.pdf HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT AND INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS http://www.victoria.ac.nz/st_services/careers/pdf/career-view/career-view-human-resource-management-and-industrial-relations-web.pdf Why do health labour market forces matter? http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/91/11/13-118794/en/ Workplaces that Work http://hrcouncil.ca/hr-toolkit/workplaces-interpersonal.cfm

The Red Convertible Essay -- essays papers

The Red Convertible Vanished Brotherhood In the short story â€Å"The Red Convertible† you will find some important elements that are integral to the support and development of the theme brotherhood. First, you will see how the road trip gives a lesson in the story. Second, you will discover how the war affected the relationship of Lyman and Henry. Finally, you will understand the symbolism of the red convertible and the link it has between both brothers. One important element that has a powerful lesson in the story is the road trip. While Lyman and Henry went on a drive one afternoon, they met a girl named Susy in the middle of the road. Susy had her hair in buns around her ears and was very short. They let her jump in the car and they take her to Alaska, where she lives. They stood in Alaska for a while and the night before they went back home, Susy stood up on a chair and unclipped her hair, and it reached to the ground. They were both astonished when they saw her hair. Not only because it was very long, but perh aps because they never seen her hair from that perspective, â€Å"You couldn’t tell how much hair she had when it’s rolled up so neatly†. The moral of that scene was that even if we see things one way, there is always a different perspective to see it. Even the relationship that anyone can have with someone else can be seen in different perspectives. Another important element in the story is the effect that the war brought between both brothers. Henry is drafted to Vietnam as a soldier and when he returns from the war, he is nothing like his old self. As Lyman says laconically, â€Å"the changes in him from the war were no good.† Here you see that the effect of the war was negative. Lyman describes Henry as â€Å"quiet; he d... ...n on all the road signs, and he ultimately chooses to drown in â€Å"the Red River†. As you can see, Lyman is inventive, clever, and hard working but he cannot, eventually, help Henry overcome his damage from Vietnam. Lyman attempts to bring Henry back to spiritual life by the connective link they share in owning a shiny red Olds convertible together, but Henry’s hopes and dreams slowly fade out. As for Lyman, he destroys the car in the end because it no longer represents success and good times to him. Instead, it represents the white world, which has destroyed Henry. He recognizes the big sacrifice that Henry has made for him on behalf of the white culture, â€Å" He bought out my share†. By submerging the car beneath the water he completely disconnects himself from the white culture and confirms his status as a Native American when he says, â€Å"Lyman walks everywhere he goes†.

Sex & Violence in the Media Essay -- Essays Papers

Sex & Violence in the Media On February 1, 2004, millions of Americans sat down around their television sets with their family and friends to watch the biggest sports event of the year: Super Bowl XXXVIII. Inside the Reliant Stadium of Houston, Texas, the New England Patriots beat the Carolina Panthers 32-29 in one of the closest games in recent history; but this year it wasn’t the football game or even the commercials that had people talking. It was an incident that occurred during the halftime show that involved pop singers Janet Jackson and Justin Timberlake that ended in millions of Americans having the privilege to see the left breast of Janet Jackson for a few moments. This single issue may not have been a huge ordeal in itself, but it brought to surface some very pertinent questions about how far was too far in the media, what the government should do to control it, and what effects sex and violence in the media were having on American culture. The events that took place during the halftime show of the Super Bowl may have shocked and angered many parents for exposing such sexual behavior and nudity to their children, but there were also a great number of people who questioned why people were so upset over a few seconds of screen time that Janet Jackson’s left breast received. After all, it was simply part of the female anatomy. Many people argued that it wasn’t just nudity, that it was â€Å"softcore† pornography because of the sexual conduct that was behind the performance. It is understandable that Jackson and Timberlake’s routine was full of sexual innuendo, but the majority of young children usually don’t pick up on such behavior and thus a simple â€Å"wardrobe malfunction.† Whether the performance during the halftime ... ...ildren, teenagers, and adults in many different ways. While some people were outraged by the Super Bowl incident and others believed it was merely an accident that could have been prevented, the event put to the test some fundamental questions concerning how much power the media should have. Because the FCC is on a rampage right now trying to put an end to these problems, many networks are implementing new features such as the ten second delay, and others are trying to promote the use of V-chips (prevent children from viewing objectionable material) and reminding Americans of the rating system that is on the television. But the fact is, television is free to the public, and the public is watching. As sex and violence increasingly fill our television sets, our minds become more adjusted to such behaviors and we forget to grasp reality and focus on the important things.

Pearl Harbor: Components, Causes, Events, Significance and Intelligence Failure

The Pearl Harbor incident of 7 December, 1941, was a very important episode in the history of international affairs. The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor dragged the United States into the Second World War and it surely changed the trend of the war. So long United States remained aloof from the War due to its avowed policy of isolation from European affairs. But the Pearl Harbor crisis directly fell upon it and naturally, as retaliation, the United States waged war against Japan. Due to this event, the War which broke out in 3 September, 1939, took a Global shape.Moreover, before the Pearl Harbor incident, it was in favor of the Axis powers. But the American involvement rapidly changed the tide and ultimately the United States and its Allis came out victorious. Tension between Japan and the United States It is a coordinal truth that the United States raised a strong protest against the Manchurian adventure of Japan and former also refused to accord official recognition to Manchukuo. T he United States made it crystal clear that they would never diverge from their treaty rights and not recognize any change in China affected by unilateral action of Japan.The Japanese Government, in turned also resented this attitude of the United States; resultantly the tension gradually evoked, and though the intensity rose from time to time, it began to mount at a steady base. It future reaches up the ladder in 1937 when Japan began her full scale invention in China. In short the Government of the United States which had all along stood for the principle of ‘Open Door’ involving equality of opportunity could hardly be accepted to view it complacency Japan’s attempt to close that door by an imperialistic attitude disguised under the schemes of ‘new order’ and ‘co-prosperity sphere’.Thus when Japan began her full scale invention in 1937, American opinion branded Japan as a wonton aggressor against China. All though the United States ref used to ratify the League of Nations due to some constitutional reasons, but it co-operated with the later in its efforts to restrain Japan and participated in Brussels conference of 1937, which was meant to minimize the difference between Japan and China. But the Japanese government totally repudiated the views of the Brussels conference and definitely announced that they would not, by means, tolerate any shorts of interference by third party regarding in the issue of China and Japan.As soon as the Second World War broke out the positions of Britain, France and Holland on their extra colonial possessions in East Asia became weak. Hence, at that time, Japan grabbed the opportunity to builds its own hold in Eastern Asia. Japan sought to strengthen their positions through diplomatic preparations. In the mean time they had already joined Germany and Italy in the anti-communist impact. In the year 1940 Japan signed a treaty of military alliance with these two powers. According to this t reaty, these powers were mutually independent to one another, in terms of both military and economic affairs.The treaty further acknowledged that, in any one of these three countries were attacked by a power not yet involved in the European war or the Sino Japanese conflict; they would unitedly face the invader. Clearly, this treaty was a serious warning to the United States to remain in a neutral position. Another major diplomatic stamps led by Japan was their foreign minister, Matsouka, to Berlin in order to study the European situation. But actually the real purpose was to conclude an agreement with Russia. During his tour to Russia, Matsouka visited Moscow and entered into a neutrality pact with Soviet Union.By this pact both the powers agreed to respect each other’s territorial integrity and to remain in a neutral position if either were attacked by a third power. Thus, with the finalization of all her diplomatic arrangement with Russia, Germany and Italy, Japan felt her self encouraged to push on her plans in the Far East. Due to all search diplomatic attempts made by Japan to impose their hegemony. On the Far East, the United States, resultantly, stiffen her attitude towards Japan. When Japan joined the Rome-Berlin Axis, then in the year 1940 United States imposed an embargo on the export of scrap-iron and petroleum to Japan.But Washington refused to recognize the puppet government set up by Japan at Nan king in the year 1940 and instead extended financial credit to Chiang Kai-shek’s regime. But when the weak Vichy government of France gave permission to Japan for occupying Indo-China and to use its airfields, then in 1941 the United States captured Japanese goods and thus, trade with Japan was made more difficult and made the later very angry. At that time the United States was the only power, who lay across the path of their imperialistic designs.That time Great Britain faced life and death struggle with Germany, and France and Netherland s were strongly dominated by Hitler. None of these powers were in the position to defend their colonial possession in East Asia. Hence the temptation to size them was very strong for Japan. But Japan faced only obstacle from the United States. So they determined to overcome from this obstacle. The government of Tojo sent a special envoy to the United States for a peaceful understanding settlement. But when the negotiation had just begun the Japanese dropped bombs on American naval base at Pearl Harbor on 7th December, 1941.America suffered a massive loss for this incident. Similarly they bombed in Singapore, Guam and the strategic centers of the Philippines and announced war with the United States and Britain. On the following day the United States, Britain and the Netherlands East Indies declared war on Japan. The European war thus developed into global conflict. International effect – Success of Japan The Japanese attack upon Pearl Harbor precipitated the United States into active belligerency and this inaugurated the Pacific phase of the Second World War. The initial success of Japanese was phenomenal.Simultaneously with their attack on Pearl Harbor the Japanese struck at the American base Guam and Wake and captured the islands. Next they took Hong Kong from the British and seized the capital of Sarawak, a British protectorate in Borneo. They sank two big British battleships, Prince of Wales and Repulse off the eastern coast of Malaya. Then they moved rapidly down the Malaya peninsula, slashing through impassable jungles, and received the unconditional surrender of Singapore with its impregnable naval base in the year of 1942. The Netherlands East Indies were attacked at various points.British and American ships, as well as Australian troops were rushed to the help of the Dutch forces. But all these forces were scattered by the Japanese after a brief fighting. In the Philippines the local forces, helped by the Americans, offered a gallant resistance for about four months. However, all the resistance collapsed with the capture of island of Corregidor by the Japanese in May 1942. About this time, the Japanese had made themselves masters of Burma. Thailand aligned herself with the Japanese and, although theoretically independent, felt the heavy hand of her powerful ally.In the North Pacific, Japan had established footholds in the Aleutian Islands and in the south west, they had seized a considerable portion of New Guinea and the Solomon Island. Thus, within six months after their attack on Pearl Harbor, the Japanese had wiped out the colonial possessions of the British and the Dutch in the far east and the south eastern Asia up to the boarders of India and had made themselves masters of the American outputs in the Western Pacific and the of the Philippines and American protà ©gà ©. It was an amazing record of victory at that time.Great East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere Japan had been demanding for sometime past of a ‘new orde r in East Asia’ as a sort of justification for her invasion of China. Japan conquered and brought under her control practically the whole of south eastern Asia. They expanded their conquest and declared their intention of setting up a ‘Greater Asia co-prosperity sphere’. Japanese recent success against the western powers made them enable to assume the role of liberators of the people of East Asia from the white man’s yoke.They professed that their object was to eliminate the Anglo-American imperialism and to substitute in its place a self-sufficient economic system in which all the people would enjoy prosperity in common. The Greater East Asia was to be welded together into an economic whole in which Japan Manchukuo and parts of China would be the industrial centers and other countries, within the spheres, had to co-operate with them by providing raw materials. In this way, under Japanese direction, trade and commerce would flourish to the benefit of all t he countries concerned.In the areas which they liberated from foreign rule, the Japanese set up independent Governments, but took care to select such collaborators as would govern along the lines laid down by them. In the name of economic development, they rather exploited the occupied regions for their own benefit instead than that of the conquered peoples. They posed as liberators, but in fact, they wanted to remain as conquerors and exploiters and sought to disguise their intention by setting up a pattern of rule they had already oven in Manchuria and in occupied China. Causes of Japan’s Defeat Japan had begun well and achieved a series of astonishing success.But the strain of carrying on a far flung war began to tell upon her. As a matter of fact, she did not possess the reserves of men and material to meet the counter-attack of the power which she had deliberately provoked. The United States with her enormous resources in men, money and material produced new ships, aero planes, guns and other arms and ammunitions of war in almost unlimited number and that with a rapidity which Japan could not anticipate. Hence in spite of the priority given to the war in Europe, is the use of American men and materials, the United States could quickly bring sufficient armed might to bear on the Japanese.Besides, the continued resistance of China was a serious drain of Japan’s men and money. It virtually handicapped her war efforts in other quarters and gave the Allies the much needed berathing spell. The first major attack on Japanese positions in the Pacific was made by the United States in 1942. In that year, a concentration on of the Japanese shipping was met by a force of American Aircraft under the command General McArthur of the North East Coast of Australia in the Coral Sea. In a six-day battle, the Japanese were defeated and turned back.Thereafter followed the naval battle of Midway in which the Japanese suffered heavy loss. This victory prevented th e extension of Japanese power towards the South East Pacific. These were in the main defensive operations. But in August 1942, the United States took first step towards recovering the lost territories by an attempt to clear the Japanese forces out of the Solomon Island in South West Pacific. The Allied strategy was to capture the Japanese bases in that region and then to proceed North on the route to Tokyo.By severe amphibious warfare, the Americans secured a foothold on Gaudal Cannel, a strong Japanese airbase in the Solomon’s. This was the beginning of the Island-hoping strategy by which the Japanese outputs were conquered and converted into Allied bases, and then used as springboards for further attacks and progress towards Japan. By the spring of 1944, the Gilbert and Marshall Islands were captured from the Japanese and these successes opened the way to Saipan and Tinian in the Marians. These advances were made at a heavy cost for Japanese, fortified in pill-boxes and pro tected by mines, greeted the invaders with intense cross-fires.The advance through the Marians prepared the way for McArthur’s re-conquest of the Philippines. His landing on the island of Leyte was fiercely contested by the Japanese. The Japanese fleets, which sought to intercept the landing, suffered a disasters defeat in the battle for the control of the Leyte-Gulf in October 1944. This battle, known as the Second Battle of the Philippine Sea, shattered the moral power of Japan. Henceforth, the Japanese wave continued to recede. The Philippines fell in July 1945. At the same time, island-hoping of the Allies continued.They stormed low Jima, one of the Bonnin Island and less than eight hundred miles from Tokyo, after a heavy aerial bombardment which lasted without intermission for two months. The next target was Okinawa, one of the islands in the Rqu kyu group, and a ‘door step’ of Japan. Here was fought one of the bloodiest battle of the war. The Japanese casua lties were very heavy, but they made effective use of ‘suicide plans’ and hit from the air about two fifty enemy vessels of the classes including battleships and cruisers and took a heavy toll of American lives.By July 1945, an Anglo-American squadron was able to sail along the Japanese coast and dropped shells of Honshu. At the same time, the fighting air ships, the B 29s, hurled death and destruction on the important cities of Japan which, thus, was rapidly nearing her doom. In July 1945, the representatives of the Allied powers (Great Britain, American, China and Russia) met in a conference at Potsdam and called upon the Japanese Government â€Å"to proclaim the unconditional surrender of all Japanese armed forces, and to provide proper and adequate assurance of good faith in such actions.The alternative for Japan was prompt and utter destruction†. The Japanese ignored the ultimatum and continued the loosing fight. Thereupon, on August 6, the Americans dropped an Atomic Bomb on Hiroshima which wiped out more than half of the city – Hiroshima had ceased to exist. Three days after, i. e. on August 9, a second and more destructive Atomic Bombardment destroyed the city of Nagasaki, a ship building port and industrial center. On the following day, the Japanese Government sued the peace and Emperor Hirohito acquiesced in unconditional surrender on August 14, 1945. The Japanese dream of Empire suddenly vanished in the thin air† (Shankar). Some questions But some questioned remain to be unanswered. First, why did Japan attack Pearl Harbor? Secondly, why did America join the war against Japan? Was not an ultimatum sufficient for the purpose? Was the Pearl Harbor incident real reason for the American involvement in Second World War? It is stark reality that the Paris Peace Conference had failed to satisfy the colonial ambition of both Italy and Japan. The spoils of colonial expansion were shared by Britain, France and America (Clement , C. ).Naturally it joined Italy and Germany and formed the Axis-Alliance for clearing a ‘New Order’. Soon it began to expand towards China and established the puppet government. It surely embitters its relations with America which too had some interests there. Moreover, America, had in the meantime occupied a vast area in the Pacific and Japan’s ambitions in the East was evidently against the American policy. For all these reasons, a confrontation was inevitable. But both of them remained passive onlookers at the first stage of the war. America, of course, had some sympathy for the Allies.But as the Monroe-Doctrine prevented it from taking a part in the League of Nations and similarly discouraged to be involved it in the post-war European politics and the war of 1939 (Mowat, R. B). But it was against the Axis power, because it feared that democracy might face a crisis if these powers won the war. One juncture president Roosevelt even asked the ‘Dictatorsâ €™ to assure that they would not commit any aggression against 25 nations ranging from Finland to Iran (Sen, A). But as the ‘phony war’ was ensuring the Axis victory in an electric speed, America became very much anxious about the future.In order to help the Allies, it even changed its policy of ‘catch and carry’, and switched over to that of ‘lend and lease’. He even informed Mr. Churchill that he would be gradually provocative in spite of the avowed policy of neutrality. It is true that the Congress of America had so long kept in outside the European politics, because it was satisfied with the territorial settlement much in Europe (Tandon, M. P. ). But the rapid failure of the Allies to cope with the military brilliance of the Axis powers convinced America that its interference was an avoidable necessity.Of course, Japan was guilty of an unprovoked attack on it. But when Japan felt that Italy was reaping the harvest and Germany was breaki ng up the Allied-empire like a castle of cards, it could not sit idly any more. On December 7, 1941, its aim for its suddenly attacked Pearl Harbor and, there, its war with America began on that day. It was surely a case of Japanese hypocrisies because it did it, â€Å"†¦ while its diplomats were smilingly discussing minor difficulties in Washington† (Wells, H. G. ). The American fleet was idling and unprepared and Japan did not declare a war. Naturally, America answered in a language of arms.Intelligence Crisis According to some historians, the Pearl Harbor affair was the outcome of an intelligence-failure on the part of America. Similarly, in spite of initial success, Japan pathetically lost the war mainly because of its failure in the intelligence operations. To begin with, the Pearl Harbor affair is regarded as the worst case of American military intelligence. First, for a long time, the relationship between the United States and Japan was fast-deteriorating, but the American naval intelligence did not even have the minimum amount of strategic or tactical speculation about it.It simply thought that, Japan might attack Thailand at that time. As Philippines were the strong hold in the Pacific, the American intelligence apprehended that Japan might launch an attack on that island. In short, Pearl Harbor was out of American calculation of any probable Japanese aggression. Secondly, another problem was that America lacked Human intelligence on Japan. America had a few geisha girls on the payroll, but no agents in the Japanese Elite or military hierarchy. This is another reason for the American intelligence problems regarding any probable Japanese attack in the Harbor.Thirdly, America came out successful in breaking the Japanese code, but what they were really intercepting was some diplomatic and espionage-information, nothing off the nature of Japanese military plans or war-targets. Japan also tactfully changed their codes some days before the Pearl Harbor affair and the American intelligence failed to cope with it. The American fleets stationed at the Harbor to protect it, were too weak to face the Japanese heavy naval power. These fleets were inferior in quality and, in such case, a combat with the Japanese navy would have been a mere suicidal attempt.These fleets were neither capable of countering a air-attack nor a naval attack. Clearly, the American intelligence had least expectations for any attack on the Pearl Harbor. On Japan’s part, similarly, there were some intelligence failures. The Japanese very tactfully attacked Pearl Harbor and it was a grand success for the former. But due to lack of proper intelligence service, it could not keep up the trend of its initial victory. First, its intelligence actually underestimated the American potentiality in the economic and military affairs.Economically, America was the richest country of the world and its industrial development was enough to supply the war materials w hich were enough to bring Japan under control. Moreover, as war started, America stopped all exports to Japan, particularly iron and steel, which materially affected Japan’s war preparations. Thus, it was a dismal failure of Japanese intelligence. Secondly, the Japanese also failed to hit the strategic targets of America. Particularly oil-depots, large ammunitions depots etc remained outside the Japanese military target.Japanese intelligence actually failed to supply its air force the correct information regarding the important places which, militarily were to be regarded as of basic importance for America. Finally, another fatal flaw of the Japanese intelligence service was that it failed to supply the correct information to the military department about the public moral which was galvanized during the war. The people so long remained isolated from European affairs and perhaps, the Japanese intelligence thought that such peace-loving people could hardly fight against such a military debacle.But after the initial shock of Pearl Harbor, both the military and the ordinary people united like a solid phalanx which, ultimately brought out American victory over Japan. Was it really an Intelligence Failure? But one point is yet to be discussed with all seriousness. Was the Pearl harbor-crisis an outcome of the failure of American Intelligence Service? As Clyde P. H. observes, â€Å"Responsibility for the Pearl Harbor disaster presents a complex problem with which historians will wrestle for years to come (Clyde, 614). It is really a very complex question on which the historians have quarreled with one another.It is true that the growing power of Hitler convinced the Americans that their own security was linked up with the war fortunes of the Allied powers and that Hitler, in full of control of European continent, would precede to the conquest of America. As Keswani K. B. points out, â€Å"On September 16, 1940, Congress passed the Compulsory Military Service and Training Law whereby conscription was introduced for the first time in the history of the country† (Saha). Thus, it is evident that, America was preparing for the impending war. But, surely, it was seeking for an excuse.When Japan, the Asiatic ally of Hitler, bombards Pearl Harbor, America exactly found an opportunity to join the war. Whether it was a failure of intelligence service or not, is obviously a crucial question. As Clyde points out, by July 1946, there had already been eight official investigations – yet it seemed that the full story had not been revealed. The earliest investigation, made by the then secretary of the Navy, Frank Knox and Associate Supreme Court Justice, Owen Roberts, laid the major responsibility on the Pearl Harbor commanders, Admiral Husband, S. Kimmel and General Walter C.Short. But later investigations, including that of a joint Congressional Committee, laid less blame on the commanders and more upon departments and personalities in the Government at Washington. Whatever the ultimate verdict of history may be, the Pearl Harbor attack was of tremendous importance not merely as a military catastrophe, but also in its political and intelligence implications. Most probably, it was not a matter of failure in the intelligence service. There are both immediate and long range reasons suggesting that the attack should have been anticipated.J. C. Grew, the American Ambassador at Japan, had warned the State Department, eleven months in advance that if war came, Japan might open hostilities with an attack on Pearl Harbor. From September onwards, intercepted Japanese messages revealed a sharp interest in the location of ships at Pearl Harbor. Grew had also given repeated warning that the Japanese might depend on surprise attack at several points – particularly at Pearl Harbor. Now, it is a question, why did the American Government not take sufficient measures in order to prevent such a naval onslaught.It is to be rem embered that the casualties were as staggering as the damage of the fleet – 2343 dead, 1272 wounded and 960 missing. At least nineteen ships were totally wrecked by the Japanese attack. The reason of this catastrophe is perhaps not the failure of the intelligence service – it was probably an outcome of a deliberate policy of American Government. Conclusion History has not as yet uncovered the full explanation of Pearl Episode. So theories and hypothesis were abundant. Most probably, America was awaiting an opportunity to join the war.When the Pearl Harbor incident took place, President Roosevelt took the opportunity to convince the Congress and the American people that a war with Japan was inevitable. So, some historians like Clyde, believed that it was planned and plotted by the American Government in order to find out a scope to join the war. In this way, the President surmounted the obstacle raised by the Monroe Doctrine in joining the European politics and discardi ng the doctrine of isolation from international affairs.